Glossary/Cliff
Legal & Governance

Cliff

A minimum service period before any equity vests, typically one year in startup equity agreements.

Full Definition

A cliff is a provision in a vesting agreement that requires a minimum period of service (usually 12 months) before any equity begins to vest. If the person leaves before the cliff, they receive no equity at all.

How the Cliff Works

  • Standard cliff period: 12 months
  • At the cliff date, a portion (typically 25%) vests immediately
  • After the cliff, remaining equity vests monthly or quarterly
  • If the person leaves before the cliff, they get zero shares

Purpose of the Cliff

The cliff protects companies from granting equity to someone who leaves shortly after joining. It ensures that only people who make meaningful, sustained contributions earn equity in the company.

How the 1-Year Cliff Works

📝Day 1Join company, receive option grant
Months 1-11Working but 0% vested
🎯Month 12Cliff hits: 25% vests at once
📈Months 13-48Monthly vesting continues

Real-World Example

An employee with a 1-year cliff and 4-year vesting who leaves after 8 months receives zero shares.

Frequently Asked Questions

What happens if you leave before the cliff?
If you leave the company before reaching the cliff date (typically 12 months), you receive zero equity. All unvested shares return to the company's option pool. This protects the company from granting equity to short-term employees.
Is a 1-year cliff standard?
Yes, a 12-month cliff is the industry standard for both employees and founders in venture-backed startups. Some advisor agreements use a shorter 3 or 6-month cliff, and some executive packages may negotiate the cliff away entirely.
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Cliff: Definition & Examples | Datapile